9AM+ALLUSIONS


 * //WELCOME, 9AM AP WONDERS!//**

//James Baldwin // James Baldwin was an African-American author from Harlem, who wrote such greats as the autobiographical //Go Tell It On The Mountain//, as well as on the topics of interracial and hetero-homosexual relationships. He participated in the 1960's civil rights movement through essays and works such as //Giovanni's Room, Another Country,// and //Just Above My Head.//

//Ruby Dee-// In Malcolm X: -Ruby Dee was mentioned on the 4th page of the foreword, she was present at the unveiling of the Malcolm X stamp. She was asked to share her memories of Malcolm X, along with Ossie Davis. History: Ruby Dee grew up in Harlem, New York, and attended Hunter College. She became an actress, poet, journalist, activist, but is most famous for acting. She appeared in movies such as //The Jackie Robinson Story//, //A Raisin in the Sun,// and //American Gangster//. She married Ossie Davis in the 1940’s, and is currently 85 years old. -Melanie Matlock The Black Legion was an organization within the Ku Klux Klan that was centered in Detroit Michigan, and active in Ohio. Members wore black uniforms with a skull and crossbones insignia and were responsible for many murders, notably Earl Little, Malcolm X’s father. The Black Legion had 16 regiments, 64 battalions, and 256 companies. Total they had somewhere between 20,000 and 30,000 members. After kidnapping and killing a man, a group of 12 men were tried and convicted. This marked the end of the reign of the Black Legion.
 * __The Black Legion:__**

**__A. Philip Randolph:[[image:a_philip_randolph.jpg width="76" height="76" align="left"]]__**
//1889-1979// A. Philip Randolph was a well-known African-American civil rights leader during twentieth-century. Randolph was very big in the civil rights scene, organizing marches, helping with protests, and making impassioned speeches to those in power. Randolph also helped organize a labor union called “Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters” in the mid-1920s. It was one of the first successful efforts to organize a labor union for employees of the Pullman Company. It was especially important because the Pullman Company was a major employer of African-Americans. In the years following its creation, the group was able to get the federal government to grant rights to porters, increase pay for employees, and negotiated a shorter workweek with the Pullman Company. - Hana Ayele

=__The Apollo Theater__ = The Apollo Theater is located in Harlem. Started in 1914, it began as a place to share music and dancing. It was a place for African-Americans to come and share their musical talents. It was especially popular during the Harlem Renaissance. Many people got their start here, including Stevie Wonder and Michael Jackson. It became known as the place, “Where stars are born and legends are made.” It is mentioned on pg. xii in the foreword as Shabazz is remembering things. Once Malcolm moves to Harlem, it is also mentioned many more times, as a place that he frequented. (ex: pg. 76) Recently, the theater has been revived and is now run by the Apollo Theater Foundation, Inc. -Carly Schumacher

 **L** **ouis Lomax** - Kari Fowler  Louis Lomax was born August 16th, 1922 in Valdosta, Georgia. He was a pastor at his church until he was incarcerated from 1949-1954. He was married and then divorced with Deloris Lomax. He then later worked as a reporter for the Baltimore //Afro-American// and //Chicago American// until 1958. He started freelance magazine journalism and wrote //The Reluctant African, The Negro Revolt, A Report on Elijah Muhammad, Malcolm X// and many others. Lomax interviewed Malcolm X for a documentary on the Nation of Islam called The Hate That Hate Produced. He did reporting on the Civil Right Movement and a variety of groups like the Blank Panthers. Unfortunately, Lomax died in a car accident in New Mexico on July 30th 1970.  **Percy Sutton** - Christine Do Percy Sutton was born on November 24th, 1920. He is known for being a civil rights activist, lawyer, and entrepreneur. He was a leader in Harlem politics, as well as a leader of the Harlem Clubhouse. One of his battles was fighting for civil rights alongside the NAACP. He became known as one of America’s best known lawyers during the 1950’s and 1960’s. He represented many controversial figures, including Malcolm X. In the foreword, he described Malcolm X as “a revolutionary… a gentle man, a kind man, a concerned man.”

====Marvin Worth was born in Brooklyn, New York on June 6, 1925. Starting at an early age of fifteen years old, Worth was a promoter of jazz concerts. He booked and managed famous jazz artists such as Billie Holliday and Charlie Parker Starting from the 1950’s, Worth started to write television programs, movies, and scripts for comedians. Worth received his first Oscar nomination in 1972 for the documentary __Malcolm X__. Worth produced many other movies. Marvin Worth passed away on April 22, 1998. ====


 * The Nation of Islam- [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Noi_flag_2.svg/100px-Noi_flag_2.svg.png width="100" height="100" link="http://apwikiwarriors.wikispaces.com/wiki/File:Noi_flag_2.svg"]]**

The Nation of Islam was founded in July of 1930 by Wallace Muhammed. The main belief of The Nation of Islam and its followers is that there is no other God but Allah. The official beliefs of the Nation of Islam have been outlined in books, documents, and articles published by the organization as well as speeches by Elijah Muhammed, Malcolm X, and other ministers.They believe that slavery is the fulfillment of Genesis and that they are the seed of Abraham. They also advocate the superiority of the African American race.

Nat Murphy


 * Nasser (Eqypt) - Kasey Le**

Nasser was mentioned in the foreword as one of the leaders Malcolm visited during his travels. Gamal Abdel Nasser was President of Egypt from 1956 to 1970. During World War II, Nasser adopted Republican policies and along with the help of General Mohammed Neguib overthrew King Farouk I. He was a strong advocate of pan-Arabism or the movement to bring together all peoples of Arab descent. Nasser is also recognized for ushering Egypt into an Industrial Era and for developing Nationalist views.

Harry Belafonte -Delayne Durdle

Harold George Belafone, Jr. was born on March 1, 1927, and is still alive today. He is a Jamican American musician, actor, and social activist. He was one of the most popular music artists, and was dubbed the King Of Calypso. He is also well known for his vocal criticism of the bush administration. Throughtout his career he was an advocate for civil rights and humanitarian causes. He worked with Martin Luther King Jr. in the first civil rights movement, and supported the movement financially. He fought for the civil right of African Americans. Belafonte also journied to South Africa for an a campaigh against HIV/AIDS. He also started schools in South Africa and emphasized the importance of education. He fought prostate cancer, and was offically cured of it. Belafonte has referenced Malcolm X in reference to George W. Bush's administration saying "There is an old saying, in the days of slavery. There were those slaves who lived on the plantation, and there were those slaves who lived in the house. You got the privilege of living in the house if you served the master, do exactly the way the master intended to have you serve him. That gave you privilege."

Here is the youtube link to one of his most popular songs. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c_NyW4fyj-c

**El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz**
Malcolm X changed his name to El-Hajj Malik al-Shabazz after he made his religious pilgrimage to Mecca. I also found other information that he used Malik Shabazz as his name whenever he went places because he realized that people better respected him because they would see him as an African instead of a black American man.- Luke Harbers

Marcus Garvey founded Universal Negro Improvement Association in August 1914. The mission was to unite Africans and their descendants in a single independent nation, complete with its own government. Contrary to popular belief, the sole purpose of UNIA was not to move all African descendants back to Africa, but UNIA made this possible for African Americans who wanted to. In 1920, Garvey launched the Liberia movement to establish a country in Africa. He died in 1940 because of two strokes after reading an negative, premature obituary of himself in the newspaper. Malcolm X's father followed the beliefs of Marcus Garvey and eventually, Malcolm X followed Garvey also. Ji-Eun Park
 * __Marcus Garvey UNIA__**